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I. Choose the word whose underlined part is pronounced differently from that of the others.

1. A. location B. local C. provide D. ecotourism

2. A. product B. discuss C. upset D. sustainable

3. A. benefit B. nature C. destination D. respect

4. A. areas B. camps C. rocks D. footprints

5. A. social B. impact C. economic D. activity

II. Choose the word whose main stress is different from that of the others.

1. A. profit B. protect C. balance D. climate

2. A. explore B. wildlife C. desert D. strategy

3. A. habitat B. animal C. industry D. endanger

4. A. community B. particular C. destination D. responsible

5. A. ecosystem B. population C. economic D. conservation

III. Supply the correct form of the word in the brackets.

1. Coastal ecosystems typically adapt to __________ sea levels by moving inland. (rise)

2. Wildlife habitats are lost by physical __________ , pollution and over-exploitation. (destroy)

3. If you care about climate change and your part in it, you’ll need __________ steps to make things better. (practice)

4. Humans __________ animals whether it’s for science, food or greed. (danger)

5. For many __________ , the world seems to be getting worse. (environment)

6. An environment includes __________ things such as plants, animals, people, and even the tiniest of microbes. (live)

7. Environmental __________ means being aware of the natural environment and making choices that benefit the earth, rather than hurt it. (aware)

8. Over-consumption in the world’s richest countries is destroying children’s environments __________ , a new report says. (global)

9. Overhunting and __________ hunting have led some animals to become endangered. (legal)

10. Organizational __________ provide us with the critical resources to improve the local environment. (support)

11. He is proud to have a __________ and stable job that doesn’t lead to environmental degradation. (respect)

12. We should always turn off __________ devices such as televisions when not in use. (electric)

13. Most tourism __________ agree on the effects of the COVID-19 on ecotourism. (research)

14. The environmental impacts of manufacturing and heavy industry are usually the release of __________ and solid wastes. (pollute)

15. Wastewater has polluted seas and lakes surrounding tourist __________ . (attract)

16. Although climate change has profound worldwide impact, its effects are particularly acute in __________ regions. (mountain)

17. We carry out __________ tours to promote the sustainable use of natural resources. (education)

18. We are interested in whether the __________ of the social responsibility program is humans, animals, or the environment. (benefit)

19. Some people prefer going to __________ places because they like being surrounded by others. (crowd)

20. __________ made souvenirs can be something like a handicraft made by local artists in that village. (Local)

IV. Choose the best answer to complete the sentences.

1. Northern Greenland’s _______ ice sheets contribute directly to global sea level rise.

A. heatwave B. deforestation C. melting D. climate change

2. Studies show human-caused climate change has worsened the risk of _______ weather events like wildfires and droughts.

A. practical B. sustainable C. responsible D. extreme

3. In all ecotourism sites, guides must explain to tourists that they are not allowed to _______ for wild meat.

A. protect B. hunt C. waste D. explore

4. Habitat _______ is the process by which a natural habitat becomes incapable of supporting its native species.

A. destruction B. protection C. pollution D. recovery

5. In the race for _______, many ecotourism programmes neglect the environment and the indigenous populations’ lifestyle.

A. impact B. profit C. balance D. consequence

6. _______ markets of Vietnam are areas of commerce based within the country’s many river systems.

A. Floating B. Crafting C. Boating D. Surfing

7. When choosing where to go, travellers go through many different travel _______ and booklets.

A. paths B. tickets C. brochures D. souvenirs

8. Ecotourism can provide an economic opportunity for local _______ that can continue to preserve wildlife and save nature.

A. markets B. ecosystems C. habitats D. communities

9. Don’t use chemicals in the garden – as they will end up in the water systems and _______ the balance of life cycles.

A. follow B. aware C. upset D. endanger

10. For a product to be considered _______, a company must specifically call out what makes a product good for the environment.

A. eco-friendly B. polluted C. damaged D. harmless

11. _______ impact the physical environment in many ways: overpopulation, pollution, burning fossil fuels, and deforestation.

A. Animals B. Plants C. Humans D. Ecosystems

12. A big amount of heat is re-radiated in the _______ by the greenhouse gases.

A. habitat B. atmosphere C. weather D. wildlife

13. _______ resources are materials from the Earth that are used to support life and meet people’s needs.

A. Natural B. Cultural C. Economic D. Environmental

14. We are currently faced with the greatest rate of species extinction worldwide since the ______ of the dinosaurs.

A. air pollution B. deforestation C. diseases D. disappearance

15. The governments need to discuss top environmental problems in detail and offer real-world _______ to each one.

A. issues B. causes C. effects D. solutions

V. Fill in each blank with a suitable preposition.

1. We can see a rise __________ ecotourism and sustainable tourism trends.

2. These trends focus __________ conserving and preserving the environment through responsible travel.

3. The term ecotourism was coined in 1983 __________ Hector Ceballos Lascurain.

4. Ecotourism is defined as “responsible travel __________ natural areas that conserves the environment and sustains the well-being of local people.”

5. Humans are connected to nature and continuously interact __________ it.

6. We can always look at the human impact __________ forests in the past years.

7. Economic and technological developments made it possible __________ people to travel more.

8. Can people travel and take care of nature __________ the same time?

9. The role of ecotourism is to increase awareness and consciousness __________ the environment.

10. Tourism is __________ the largest industry segments in the world.

VI. Supply the correct tense of the verbs in the brackets.

1. Since the 1970s, ecology and environmental preservation __________ (discuss) in developed countries.

2. Today, ecotourism __________ (continue) to grow as more people travel with environmental consciousness.

3. Although ecotourism has a relatively short history, much __________ (occur) since the term first __________ (make) its appearance in the dictionary less than 40 years ago.

4. In the classical world, it __________ (be) mainly the privileged elite that __________ (have) the means to travel for amusement or entertainment.

5. The Egyptians, Greeks, and Romans all __________ (establish) infrastructure such as roads, seaside resorts, and maps to facilitate travel throughout the ancient world.

6. With the onset of the first industrial revolution, traveling or touring __________ (become) available to the masses.

7. Ecotourism __________ (first, conceptualize) in the early 1980s.

8. Ecotourism became an official term in 1982 when it __________ (record) in the Oxford English Dictionary.

9. Ecotourism __________ (gain) momentum in the 1990s with environmental conservation.

10. Since 2005, Eco Adventures Travel __________ (work) to adequately develop ecotourism.

11. In 2002, the United Nations __________ (declare) it the year of ecotourism.

12. The UN’s Center for Responsible Travel __________ (form) in 2003.

13. Since that time, ecotourism __________ (become) a billion industry.

14. The return of international travel __________ (offer) the tourism industry a huge opportunity to reset now.

15. In April 2022, an airline __________ (announce) its new fleet of 12 new aircraft, each of which __________ (generate) 25 per cent less fuel emissions per seat when the aircraft __________ (take) to the skies in 2025.

16. __________ (be) ecotourism a creative way of connecting the goals of ecological conservation and economic development?

17. In Costa Rica, the number of foreign tourists visiting national parks __________ (rise) 330 percent in the six years between 1985 and 1991.

18. Countries __________ (now, invest) in ecotourism as a means of attracting foreign capital to propel economic development.

19. Demand for quality ecotourism destinations __________ (continue) to grow if urban congestion, pollution, crowding, and concern for the natural environment all increase.

20. It is obvious that sustainable development __________ (emerge) to harmonize economic development, environmental preservation, and cultural preservation.

VII. Choose the best answer to complete the sentences.

1. He said many countries _______ with food insecurity, and lack of access to drinking water, health and education.

A. have dealt B. were dealing

C. are dealing D. have been dealing

2. If community members _______ unaware that their current waste disposal system is a problem, they _______ less inclined to implement a new system.

A. are – will be B. were – will be C. are – would be D. will be – are

3. The Minister said, “Nature-based solutions _______ great potential for effective policy in addressing the global crisis.”

A. had had B. were having C. have D. would have

4. If deforestation and factory farming _______ unabated, our planet and our species _______ for disaster.

A. continue – will be headed B. will continue – would head

C. continued – will be headed D. would continue – could head

5. The officer said, “At present, the governments _______ their environmental policy with the goal of reducing greenhouse gas emissions.”

A. had updated B. updated C. have updated D. are updating

6. Up to 420 million acres of forest _______ until 2030 in the deforestation fronts if current trends _______.

A. will lose – continued B. would lose – continued

C . could lose – continue D. can be lost – continue

7. If you _______ up with new technology, you _______ losing ground to your competition.

A. aren’t keeping – risk B. kept – will risk

C. don’t keep – will risk D. have kept – would risk

8. He says that it _______ vital that the international community _______ financial commitments.

A. is – should meet B. was – should be met

C. is – had to meet D. was – meet

9. Fossil hunting, metal detectors, and rock collecting _______ unless a specific permit

A. can’t be prohibited – granted B. won’t be prohibited – is granted

C. wouldn’t prohibit – is granted D. couldn’t be prohibited – grant

10. “So far we _______ on the job, without wasting the majority of our energy,” Dung said in a statement.

A. had focused B. have focused C. focus D. are focusing

11. The outcomes of capacity development programmes on gender mainstreaming _______ if there _______ enough attention devoted to follow-up.

A. would limit – isn’t B. may be limited – isn’t

C. could limit – wasn’t D. will be limited – was

12. _______ online and share my solutions if _______ to help protect the environment?

A. I need to go – I wanted B. Should I go – I want

C. Could I go – did I want D. I will go – do I want

13. The president of Austria _______ in a conference that Austria _______ to be climate neutral by 2040.

A. said – will want B. said – would want

C. says – wanted D. said – wanted

14. The effects of ecotourism _______ negative unless careful planning and the subsequent management strategies _______ adhered to rigorously.

A. can’t be – are B. can be – were C. can be – are D. is – can be

15. Juan _______ that the international community _______ to change _______ systems of production and consumption.

A. said – needs – our B. said – needed – its

C. said – need – her D. says – needed – his

16. If funds _______ for expanding ecotourism, the village _______ boats with a drive system to make the mangrove tours more accessible.

A. will allocate – is constructed B. will allocate – constructs

C. are allocated – will construct D. allocate – constructed

17. The report says the creation of a specific ministry pertaining to the environment _______ necessary because the situation today _______ alarming.

A. was – is B. is – was C. is – will be D. is – is

18. If the restaurant _______ the goods and services from outside the region, the money _______ no indirect impact to the region, but it _______ away.

A. purchases – will provide – will leak

B. purchased – wouldn’t provide – will leak

C. purchased – will provide – would leak

D. purchases – wouldn’t provide – leaks

19. Unless ecotourism _______, the pursuit of maximizing economic benefits _______ the opposite.

A. is well planned and monitored – may actually accomplish

B. will be well planned and monitored – actually accomplished

C. would plan and monitor well – might actually accomplish

D. was well planned and monitored – can actually accomplish

20. He said, “About 17 percent of our population _______ by the adverse effects of drought.”

A. had been impacted B. have impacted

C. has been impacted D. is impacting

VIII. Choose the underlined port that needs correcting.

1. Teresa said the key question was how transform deeply to address the crisis in

A B C D

biodiversity and pollution.

2. The service is very professional and if I stayed in longer, I would likely have them

A B C D

every day.

3. They say that humankind has the capability to wisely transform its ways and brought

A B C D

to all people the benefits of environmental protection.

4. They will encourage tourists to use their field guides if they wanted to know exactly

A B C

what local animals and plants were.

D

5. She said the 1972 Stockholm conference was the first to make the link among

A B C

development and the environment.

D

6. Ecotourism won’t be sustainable unless it is environmental maintainable besides being

A B C D

socio-culturally acceptable.

7. If visitors seek a comfortable experience, there will be a heavy burden in the

A B C

environment and community regarding facilities and services.

D

8. Mr. Johnson believes that human progress can’t occur on an earth that is starved of

A B

its resources and being under relentless assault from a climate crisis.

C D

9. Promotion would be effective if the tourist destination met the expectations of tourists

A B C

both during in tourist destinations and return to their home country.

D

10. The president said that his government recently has signed numerous environment

A B C

treaties and biodiversity instruments.

D

IX. Choose the best answer to complete the dialogues.

1. – “People should be paid for their activities to protect the environment.” –

“_______ It’s everyone’s duty.”

A. I don’t quite agree with you.

B. I can’t agree with you more.

C. You can say that again.

D. You’re right.

2. – “What do you like most in the journey?” – “_______ ”

A. Oh, yes, I’ll surely take it again someday.

B. The tour guide has been a great help.

C. We had to travel for a long way.

D. I’m not used to travelling by bus.

3. – “_______” – “ He was struck with the beauty of scenery.”

A. Did he decide to leave sooner than planned?

B. Where was he going during his holiday?

C. How did he think about the scenery?

D. Why did he take so many photos of this site?

4. – “_______” – “Yes, most people only have a limited amount of leisure time.”

A. More and more people travel abroad these days.

B. There weren’t many foreigners in the city in the past.

C. There seem to be fewer and fewer tourists to the beach.

D. This national park will be crowded with tourists in summer.

5. – “We can hire bikes to explore the town.” – “_______”

A. You’re welcome. B. This is the only bike I can find.

C. Better than ever. D. That’s a good idea.

6. – “Why should I change my lifestyle, Doctor?” – “_______”

A. You can change it anytime. B. It’s for the sake of your health.

C. I’m not in charge of it. D. You can do whatever you want.

7. – “What country is your next destination?” – “_______”

A. I’d like to visit Japan.

B. I want to visit it someday.

C. My next destination is another country.

D. No, it’s not a country.

8. – “How far is it from here to the gate of the park?” – “_______”

A. About a 5-minute walk. B. About 500 meters.

C. We can take you there. D. Turn left, then go straight.

9. – “Should we take a tour to the floating market?” – “_______”

A. Don’t mention it. B. Never mind.

C. Thank you. D. Absolutely, yes.

10. – “Why don’t we travel by plane?” – “_______”

A. It’s convenient. B. It’s fast enough for us.

C. It’s expensive. D. It’s always available.

X. Read the passage and fill in each blank with a word from the box.

sustainable footprint impacts mass reduce communities beautiful booking

Many tourists are looking to travel to pristine and aesthetically pleasing locations to experience something new and (1) __________ . Unfortunately, it is usually these environments that are the most fragile and susceptible to outside (2) __________ . To ensure these amazing regions are preserved for the future, travellers must do their part in their protection.

Ecotourism operations promote (3) __________ travel that benefits local communities, culture, and heritage and minimise impacts on the environment. It is not driven by economic gains but focuses on educating tourists on travelling green. Providing accommodation that restricts (4) __________ tourism in sensitive environments ensures that the natural regeneration rate of the environmental asset is not compromised and ensures the longevity of the resource. By opting for an ecotourism holiday over a conventional tourism package you are making a conscious decision to (5) __________ your impact. This can be personally rewarding and travellers who choose ecotourism are responsible consumers.

Ecotourists are seeking to minimize the carbon (6) __________ of their travel, travelling with climate in mind by planning wisely and choosing consciously. They also seek to experience authentic and educational tours that give them the opportunity to give back to the (7) __________ they visit. If you are a conscious traveller who shares these values, then become an ecotourist today! By (8) __________ an ecotour or staying in a ecolodge you will be surrounded by like-minded people, have access to well managed and pristine environments and experience a truly unique holiday.

X. Read the passage and decide whether the statements are TRUE or FALSE.

Wildfires occur naturally in untouched forested land. While seemingly destructive, natural blazes actually promote the health of the ecosystem by clearing out dead organic matter and making room for new growth. However, when humans start forest fires, forest ecosystems can suffer from irreversible damage.

While some human-caused forest fires are accidental, farmers and other land developers sometimes intentionally start fires as a way to clear forested land. In a practice known as ‘slash and burn’ agriculture, farmers slash down acres of forest and burn the remnants in hopes of reviving the health of the soil. However, these uncontrolled fires can do more harm than good. Fires can eliminate entire populations of plant and animal species in an area, throwing off ecological balance and decreasing biodiversity. Research has shown that the biodiversity loss resulting from slash-and-burn agriculture can actually have the opposite effect on soil health, resulting in decreased crop yields and profits.

Agriculture-driven fires have taken a large toll on Brazil’s Amazon rainforest. A record number of fires turned the once vibrant, lush forests of the Amazon to ash in 2019. Investigators found that fires were three times more likely in beef-producing zones in the Amazon, pointing to the clearing of land for cattle ranching as one of the main culprits of forest fires.

Forest fires in the Amazon devastate animals and humans alike. Breathing the smoke from these fires is already harmful, but indigenous communities suffered even further during this year’s fire season. The Covid-19 pandemic disproportionately impacts the indigenous peoples, as their immune systems may be less equipped to fight off the virus. In Brazil, the combined threats of Covid-19 and air pollution from wildfires has led to increased hospitalization rates for their populations.

1. Wildfires only occur naturally and in untouched forested land. __________

2. Natural wildfires cause forest ecosystems to suffer from irreversible damage. __________

3. Human-caused forest fires are both accidental and incidental. __________

4. Slashing down the forest and burning its remnants can lead to uncontrolled fires. __________

5. Slash-and-burn agriculture does not result in any biodiversity loss. __________

6. In the Amazon, forest fires devastate both animals and humans. __________

7. Breathing the smoke from forest fires makes indigenous communities suffered more harm in the year’s fire season. __________

8. The Covid-19 pandemic and air pollution from wildfires have no connection with increased hospitalization rates in Brazil. __________

XI. Put the words in the correct order to make meaningful sentences.

1. in others/ it/ in some countries, / but/ Deforestation/ declined/ remains high/ has

__________________________________________________________________________________

2. integrated ecosystems/ some of the most diverse life/ and home to/ Forests/ on Earth/ are

__________________________________________________________________________________

3. life/ the carbon and water cycles/ that/ Forests/ make/ possible/ major contributors to/ are

__________________________________________________________________________________

4. life/ degraded, / are/ their destruction/ both locally and around the world/ changes/ forests/ When

__________________________________________________________________________________

5. to mitigate/ Forests/ the emission of carbon dioxide/ help/ and other greenhouse gases

__________________________________________________________________________________

6. are/ Deforestation/ around 15%/ responsible for/ and forest degradation/ of all greenhouse gas emissions

__________________________________________________________________________________

7. alter/ and decrease their food and water/ forest-dwelling creatures/ Changes in climate/ habitats of

__________________________________________________________________________________

8. to keep a balance/ help/ and water in the atmosphere/ Trees/ the water on land/ between

__________________________________________________________________________________

9. fertile soil,/ Without trees to anchor/ erosion/ the land into rivers/ can occur/ and sweep

__________________________________________________________________________________

10. that/ cannot hold onto/ The agricultural plants/ the trees/ the soil/ often replace

__________________________________________________________________________________

XII. Complete the second sentence so that it has a similar meaning to the first one.

1. Collecting coins from visited countries is one of Peter’s interests.

Peter is interested

2. If Jodie doesn’t change her ways, she will end up in a dead end.

Unless Jodie

3. “When is the first day of your holiday, Paul?” Henry asked.

Henry asked Paul

4. The flight attendant said, “Our flight to Singapore lasts about two hours.”

The flight attendant said that

5. “Can I take a trip with my classmates for some days?” said Anna to her father.

Anna asked her father

6. Larson will continue to live on his parents’ allowance unless he finds a job now.

If Larson

7. You will catch a cold if you don’t wear a coat when we get to the mountain.

Unless you

8. “I’ve visited this cave three times, Bailey” said William.

William told Bailey that

9. “Have you had enough bottled water for the tour?” the tourist asked the guide.

The tourist asked the guide

10. They ought to have online marketing if they are to increase sales.

If they don’t

KEY

REVIEW 4

I. 1. C 2. D 3. B 4. A 5. A

II. 1. B 2. A 3. D 4. C 5. A

III. 1. rising 2. destruction 3. practical 4. endanger 5. environmentalists

6. living 7. awareness 8. globally 9. illegal 10. supporters

11. respectable 12. electrical 13. researchers 14. pollutants 15. attractions

16. mountainous 17. educational 18. beneficiary 19. crowded 20. Locally

IV. 1. C 2. D 3. B 4. A 5. B 6. A 7. C 8. D

9. C 10. A 11. C 12. B 13. A 14. D 15. D

V. 1. in 2. on 3. by 4. to 5. with

6. on 7. for 8. at 9. about 10. among

VI. 1. have been discussed 2. continues 3. has occurred – made

4. was – had 5. established 6. became

7. was first conceptualized 8. was recorded 9. gained

10. has worked 11. declared 12. was formed

13. has become 14. is offering 15. announced – will generate – take

16. Is 17. rose 18. are now investing

19. will continue 20. emerges

VII. l. B 2. A 3. C 4. A 5. D 6. D 7. C 8. A 9. B 10. B

11. B 12. B 13. D 14. C 15. B 16. C 17. D 18. A 19. A 20. C

VIII. 1. B (to transform) 2. D (it)

3. D (bring) 4. A (would encourage)

5. C (between) 6. C (environmentally maintainable)

7. C (on) 8. C (is)

9. D (returning) 10. B (had signed)

IX. 1. A 2. B 3. D 4. C 5. D 6. B 7. A 8. B 9. D 10. C

X. 1. beautiful 2. impacts 3. sustainable 4. mass

5. reduce 6. footprint 7. communities 8. booking

XI. 1. FALSE 2. FALSE 3. TRUE 4. TRUE

5. FALSE 6. TRUE 7. TRUE 8. FALSE

XII. 1. Deforestation has declined in some countries, but it remains high in others.

2. Forests are integrated ecosystems and home to some of the most diverse life on Earth.

3. Forests are major contributors to the carbon and water cycles that make life possible.

4. When forests are degraded, their destruction changes life both locally and around the world.

5. Forests help to mitigate the emission of carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases.

6. Deforestation and forest degradation are responsible for around 15% of all greenhouse gas emissions.

7. Changes in climate alter habitats of forest-dwelling creatures and decrease their food and water.

8. Trees help to keep a balance between the water on land and water in the atmosphere.

9. Without trees to anchor fertile soil, erosion can occur and sweep the land into rivers.

10. The agricultural plants that often replace the trees cannot hold onto the soil.

XIII. 1. Peter is interested in collecting coins from visited countries.

2. Unless Jodie changes her ways, she will end up in a dead end.

3. Henry asked Paul when the first day of his holiday was.

4. The flight attendant said that their flight to Singapore lasted about two hours.

5. Anna asked her father if/ whether she could take a trip with her classmates for some days.

6. If Larson doesn’t find a job now, he will continue to live on his parents’ allowance.

7. Unless you wear a coat when we get to the mountain, you will catch a cold.

8. William told Bailey that he had visited that cave three times.

9. The tourist asked the guide if/ whether he/ she had had enough bottled water for the tour.

10. If they don’t have online marketing, they won’t increase sales.